Chicago: Charles H. Sergel, 1892. Panama late gained independence from Colombia in 1903. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. Walker, Charles F. The Tupac Amaru Rebellion. Continued division between factions favoring centralist and federalist systems of government eventually led to the break-up of Gran Colombia in 1830 into the three separate states of Ecuador, New Granada (later renamed Colombia), and Venezuela. The American President, James Monroe, however supported these new nations and independence movements and warned . Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. . So too had the Portuguese colony of Brazil and the French colony of Haiti. The Portuguese royal family had moved to Brazil when Portugal was invaded by Napoleon, and the colony was elevated to an equal status of Portugal. Jos Gabriel Condorcanqui was a kuraka or ethnic intermediary in three small towns sixty miles south of Cuzco and a merchant who worked the Cuzco to Potos circuit. While the French Revolution happened from 1789 to 1799; about 10 years or so. After three centuries of colonial rule, independence came rather suddenly to most of Spanish and Portuguese America. What were 2 ways the French Revolution impacted the Latin American Revolutions? Iturbide was a royalist general. Cuba was given independence, but with limits on its sovereignty that helped contribute to the Cuban Revolution decades later. He led successful military campaigns against royalist forces in what is now Colombia and Venezuela, leading to their independence in 1819. Civil war ensued over the next 4 years. French forces under Napoleon declared him a traitor, captured, and imprisoned him. AboutTranscript. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. Ultimately, he opted to fight for independence to establish his own empire under his sole control. However, a liberal revolution in Portugal in 1822 challenged the rule of Portuguese King Dom Joo and forced him to set up a constitutional monarchy. Internal political divisions between liberal and conservative and centralist and federalists political factions. 1. not portugal. . Jorge Martin will be speaking at LSE next monday on the topic of Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Latin America. Markham 1892 is a highly readable account. There were many important Latin American Revolution leaders. Tupac Amaru became a hero in Peru. Experiments in self-government during the French occupation of Spain by Napoleon prompted moves for full independence. General Jos de San Martn led an army named the Army of the Andes to defeat them. Colombia, Venezuela, Ecaudor, and Panama. The Latin American revolution as well as the Haitian revolution were led to gain independence from the colonial power of France, Spain, and Portugal. Iturbide captured Mexico City on September 27, 1821 and was made the emperor of Mexico. In 1816, he led the Army of the Andes crossing the Andes mountains and defeated royalist forces in Chile. In Santiago, Caracas, Bogot, and other cities, by contrast, it was Creoles who controlled the provisional juntas. . . The American Revolution, which began in 1776, came first. The Peninsulares were the most important people in society, holding the highest positions in both the colonial governments and the . By late 1822, he was facing rebellion from republican opposition. The term Latin America is used to describe the areas of the Americas where languages that developed from Latin are spoken, namely Spanish, Portuguese, and French. The main thrust of the southern independence forces met much greater success on the Pacific coast. Caught between the loyalism of Spanish officers and the imperialist intentions of Buenos Aires and Portuguese Brazil, the regional leader Jos Gervasio Artigas formed an army of thousands of gauchos. Meanwhile, fears that Cuba's large slave population would make it a second Haiti also influenced the lack of support for independence among criollo elites there. Leaders in Latin America tended to shy away from the more socially radical European doctrines. From Granger - Historical Picture Archive. The short-term effects of the American Revolution included a recession in the former colonies and a number of international revolutions. Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico slipped out of the hands of the Iberian powers who had ruled the region since the conquest. At most, foreign ideas helped foster a more questioning attitude toward traditional institutions and authority. In the Spanish colonies, the society was made up of distinctive social classes. Brazil is the only country in the Americas to have a long-standing monarch. Buenos Aires achieved similarly mixed results in other neighbouring regions, losing control of many while spreading independence from Spain. The royalists received important reinforcements from Lima in early January. Even if Spain had agreed to these changes, they would have created a more powerful, wealthy colonial elite with experience in administering their home regionsa road that also would have led directly to independence. By 1826, all of its colonies besides Cuba and Puerto Rico were independent. Other revolutions were not as positive. The best synthesis of the Katarista uprisings in Charcas (what became Bolivia) and the Tupac Amaru rebellion. Definition and List of Countries, The Federal Republic of Central America (1823-1840), The "Cry of Dolores" and Mexican Independence, Major Battles of Mexico's Independence From Spain. The movements that liberated Spanish South America arose from opposite ends of the continent. Tupac Amaru organized his indigenous followers and attacked other corregidors, ransacked haciendas, and razed the hated obrajes, or textile mills. United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, which included most of modern-day Argentina and Uruguay. What two island colonies did not get independence around the same time as the rest of Spanish America? Death Year: 1830. But in the end, there was no real going back from such a step. Serulnikov, Sergio. Venezuelas Declaration of Independence in 1810, Chile's Independence Day: September 18, 1810, What Is Imperialism? In the Spanish colonies, which constituted the vast majority of Latin America, there was a rigid class hierarchy. Many Creoles (those of Spanish parentage but who were born in America) felt Bourbon policy to be an unfair attack on their wealth, political power, and social status. There was a growing sense in the colonies of being separate from Spain. A series of independence movements in the Americas in the late 1700s and early 1800s are sparked by the Enlightenment and conflict in Europe. Iturbide ultimately was forced to abdicate and was later executed after attempting to return to power. In most cases, Latin American Revolutions were led by Creoles. In the audiencia (court) of Caracas, for example, no native Venezuelans were appointed from 1786 to 1810. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. After hundreds of years of proven service to Spain, the American-born elites felt that the Bourbons were now treating them like a recently conquered nation. Edited by Sara Castro-Klaren, 213227. A highly readable account by the 19th-century English geographer and explorer Clements Markham. While it was a strong challenge to the The rebellion became more of a caste or total war as neither side took prisoners. May 12, 1780. While the Spanish had at first been Napoleon's ally, in 1808, he turned on them and removed King Fernando VII, replacing him with his brother. He crossed the Andes into Chile, defeating most royalist resistance there by mid-1818. Argentina was the first to formally declare independence on July 9, 1816. In alliance with Chilean patriots under the command of Bernardo OHiggins, San Martns army restored independence to a region whose highly factionalized junta had been defeated by royalists in 1814. In Brazil, independence was led by elites similar to what occurred in the Spanish colonies, but in Haiti, it was led by slaves, who successfully established the first republic led by people of African descent. More generally, Creoles reacted angrily against the crowns preference for peninsulars in administrative positions and its declining support of the caste system and the Creoles privileged status within it. He was a leading Latin American revolutionary leader who was known as ---------. CARTOON: MEXICAN WAR, 1847. The outcomes of independence movements in Haiti and the Spanish Americas were similar because they both ended successfully and with independence from the colonizing nation, a difference however was that in Haiti the revolution ended with a complete social overhaul and . Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/latin-america-causes-of-independence-2136120. Arriving in Rio de Janeiro with some 15,000 officials, nobles, and other members of his court, John transformed the Brazilian colony into the administrative centre of his empire. Led by Tupac Amarus cousin, Diego Cristbal Tupac Amaru, their son Mariano, and another relative, the rebellion continued for two years, centered in the area around Lake Titicaca. Dom Pedro was the prince of Portugal and Brazil. Two years later it produced a new, liberal constitution that proclaimed Spains American possessions to be full members of the kingdom and not mere colonies. Unable to preserve any sort of monopoly on trade, the Spanish crown was forced to loosen the restrictions on its colonies commerce. Revolutionaries became heroes in their countries. The indigenous world and the word Indian, Conquest society in the central mainland areas, Institutional, legal, and intellectual developments, Spanish America in the age of the Bourbons, The north and the culmination of independence, Political models and the search for authority, Political and economic transitions, 185070, The United States and Latin America in the Cold War era, Latin America at the end of the 20th century. In 1806 a British expeditionary force captured Buenos Aires. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. The rapidity and timing of that dramatic change were the result of a combination of long . A sophisticated and useful overview (translated from Spanish, Revolucin en los andes: La era de Tpac Amaru, 2012), with a foreword by Charles F. Walker. The peninsulares gave the people of Latin America permission to revolt. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. He and Micaela sought a multiethnic and multiclass alliance, recruiting not only Indians but also mestizos, blacks, Creoles, and good Spaniards. Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwall is Professor of History at California State University - San Marcos and a specialist in French and Haitian history.In addition to The Abb Grgoire and the French Revolution, her books include Haitian History: New Perspectives (Routledge, 2012) and Slave Revolt on Screen: The Haitian Revolution in Film and Video Games (University Press of Mississippi, 2021). Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Presented by Brown University. Spain granted neither, which caused great resentment and helped lead to independence. . In Mexico City and Montevideo caretaker governments were the work of loyal peninsular Spaniards eager to head off Creole threats. Minster, Christopher. this page. Two other European developments further dashed the hopes of Creoles, pushing them more decisively toward independence. The impact of Enlightenment ideas. Ancien Regime, Enlightenment, French Revolution, American Revolution, Latin Wars for Independence study guide on word doc micah but thou, bethlehem ephratah, Skip to document. Horror in Literature and Film in Latin America. He led an army that conquered some areas of south and central Mexico but failed to take Mexico City before he was captured and executed. Of all of the factors listed above, the most important is probablyNapoleon's invasion of Spain. Porfirio Diaz. of the users don't pass the Latin American Revolution quiz! Preference for continued colonial rule over the possibility of social revolution like in Haiti helped prevent white Creole elites from fully backing independence, even as some did engage in rebellion in the 1860s and 70s. After its revolution of May 1810, the region was the only one to resist reconquest by loyalist troops throughout the period of the independence wars. The Haitian and Mexican revolutions are moderately similar in that they fought for independence with multiple leaders, slavery was abolished in both; however, Haiti experienced debt and Mexico resulted in little social change. Causes of the American Revolution:The Intolerable Acts. With the Spanish king and his son Ferdinand taken hostage by Napoleon, Creoles and peninsulars began to jockey for power across Spanish America. Have all your study materials in one place. On one hand, the French Revolution, and the American Revolution before it, ended monarchies and established representative governments that placed sovereignty in the hands of the people, following the ideas of the Enlightenment. During 180810 juntas emerged to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII. (2021, April 12). Rejecting compromise and reform, Ferdinand resorted to military force to bring wayward Spanish-American regions back into the empire as colonies. Paraguay resisted Buenos Aires military and set out on a path of relative isolation from the outside world. In all of these places, independence was achieved by 1826. Even after the defeat of Napoleon, the king had stayed in Brazil. After the expulsion of Napoleon, the Spanish attempted to regain but failed to regain control in the colonies. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. San Martn declared the creation of an independent Peru in July 1821. Haiti's Little-Studied Role on the Other Latin American Revolutions. However, the effects of the Revolutionary War go far beyond simply removing British control of the Thirteen Colonies: the War and related documents and decisions would have worldwide impacts. Indigenous Population and Justice System in Central Mexico Jos Mara Arguedas and Early 21st Century Cultural and Po Law and Society in Latin America since 1800, Legal History of New Spain, 16th-17th Centuries. Some Spanish officials must have realized this and so the decision was taken to squeeze the utmost out of the colonial system before it collapsed. The year 1814 saw the restoration of Ferdinand to the throne and with it the energetic attempt to reestablish Spanish imperial power in the Americas. In cities throughout the region, Creole frustrations increasingly found expression in ideas derived from the Enlightenment. Not only did it provide a massive distraction and tie up Spanish troops and ships, it pushed many undecided Creoles over the edge in favor of independence. Numerous scholars have moved beyond the biography of Jos Gabriel Condorcanqui (or Tupac Amaru II) and placed the rebellion in a broader framework. New Conquest History and the New Philology in Colonial Mes Nuns and Convents in Colonial Latin America, Paraguayan War (War of the Triple Alliance), Philippines Under Spanish Rule, 1571-1898, Photography in the History of Race and Nation, Popular Movements in 19th-Century Latin America, Portuguese-Spanish Interactions in Colonial South America, Pre-Revolutionary Mexico, State and Nation Formation in, Prints and the Circulation of Colonial Images, Revolution and Reaction in Central America, Science and Empire in the Iberian Atlantic, Science and Technology in Modern Latin America, Sexualities in Latin America and the Caribbean, Spanish Caribbean In The Colonial Period, The, Spanish Colonial Decorative Arts, 1500-1825, Sports in Latin America and the Caribbean, Telenovelas and Melodrama in Latin America, 19th Century and Modernismo Poetry in Spanish America, 20th-Century Mexico, Mass Media and Consumer Culture in, United States and Castro's Cuba in the Cold War, The, United States and the Guatemalan Revolution, The. This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. 3. el libertador. Victory at Boyac effectively liberated most of Colombia. After the defeat of Cuban-style revolutionary movements throughout Latin America in the 1960s and the overthrow of Salvador . He was captured and killed, and Haiti was beset by internal conflict and a series of civil wars for decades after independence. He at first reasserted himself as an absolute monarch. The immediate effect of that concession was to send the Portuguese ruler, Prince Regent John, fleeing in British ships to Brazil. . The United States intervened in the war after the destruction of the USS Maine battleship in Havana Harbor by what, at the time, was believed to be a Spanish mine. So too had the Portuguese colony of Brazil and the French colony of Haiti. He later led campaigns in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Chichester, UK: Blackwell, 2008. Both revolutions followed the anatomy of a revolution and had comparable causes, however the French Revolution politically better outcomes, whereas the Latin American Revolution resulted in poverty and lost territory. Portuguese military officials in Brazil also increasingly sidelined Dom Pedro. Question 14. Across the Ro de la Plata from Buenos Aires, Montevideo and its surroundings became the separate Estado Oriental (Eastern State, later Uruguay). Revolution in the Andes: The Age of Tpac Amaru. - now that trade was not restricted to the mother country, the US and Great Britain became two new countries major trading partners, - Latin America mainly exported cash crops, - inbounds blue Latin American countries took out large loans. To further muddle things up, Spanish law allowed wealthy people of mixed heritage to "buy" whiteness and thus rise in a society that did not want to see their status change. This was evident in the assembly that finally proclaimed independence in 1816; that body received no delegates from several provinces, even though it was held outside Buenos Aires, in the interior city of Tucumn (in full, San Miguel de Tucumn).
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